* Each physical page in the system has a struct page associated with
* it to keep track of whatever it is we are using the page for at the
* moment. Note that we have no way to track which tasks are using
- * a page.
+ * a page, though if it is a pagecache page, rmap structures can tell us
+ * who is mapping it.
*/
struct page {
unsigned long flags; /* Atomic flags, some possibly
*/
/*
- * Drop a ref, return true if the logical refcount fell to zero (the page has
- * no users)
+ * Drop a ref, return true if the refcount fell to zero (the page has no users)
*/
static inline int put_page_testzero(struct page *page)
{
* For the non-reserved pages, page_count(page) denotes a reference count.
* page_count() == 0 means the page is free. page->lru is then used for
* freelist management in the buddy allocator.
- * page_count() == 1 means the page is used for exactly one purpose
- * (e.g. a private data page of one process).
+ * page_count() > 0 means the page has been allocated.
*
- * A page may be used for kmalloc() or anyone else who does a
- * __get_free_page(). In this case the page_count() is at least 1, and
- * all other fields are unused but should be 0 or NULL. The
- * management of this page is the responsibility of the one who uses
- * it.
+ * Pages are allocated by the slab allocator in order to provide memory
+ * to kmalloc and kmem_cache_alloc. In this case, the management of the
+ * page, and the fields in 'struct page' are the responsibility of mm/slab.c
+ * unless a particular usage is carefully commented. (the responsibility of
+ * freeing the kmalloc memory is the caller's, of course).
*
- * The other pages (we may call them "process pages") are completely
+ * A page may be used by anyone else who does a __get_free_page().
+ * In this case, page_count still tracks the references, and should only
+ * be used through the normal accessor functions. The top bits of page->flags
+ * and page->virtual store page management information, but all other fields
+ * are unused and could be used privately, carefully. The management of this
+ * page is the responsibility of the one who allocated it, and those who have
+ * subsequently been given references to it.
+ *
+ * The other pages (we may call them "pagecache pages") are completely
* managed by the Linux memory manager: I/O, buffers, swapping etc.
* The following discussion applies only to them.
*
- * A page may belong to an inode's memory mapping. In this case,
- * page->mapping is the pointer to the inode, and page->index is the
- * file offset of the page, in units of PAGE_CACHE_SIZE.
+ * A pagecache page contains an opaque `private' member, which belongs to the
+ * page's address_space. Usually, this is the address of a circular list of
+ * the page's disk buffers. PG_private must be set to tell the VM to call
+ * into the filesystem to release these pages.
*
- * A page contains an opaque `private' member, which belongs to the
- * page's address_space. Usually, this is the address of a circular
- * list of the page's disk buffers.
+ * A page may belong to an inode's memory mapping. In this case, page->mapping
+ * is the pointer to the inode, and page->index is the file offset of the page,
+ * in units of PAGE_CACHE_SIZE.
*
- * For pages belonging to inodes, the page_count() is the number of
- * attaches, plus 1 if `private' contains something, plus one for
- * the page cache itself.
+ * If pagecache pages are not associated with an inode, they are said to be
+ * anonymous pages. These may become associated with the swapcache, and in that
+ * case PG_swapcache is set, and page->private is an offset into the swapcache.
*
- * Instead of keeping dirty/clean pages in per address-space lists, we instead
- * now tag pages as dirty/under writeback in the radix tree.
+ * In either case (swapcache or inode backed), the pagecache itself holds one
+ * reference to the page. Setting PG_private should also increment the
+ * refcount. The each user mapping also has a reference to the page.
*
- * There is also a per-mapping radix tree mapping index to the page
- * in memory if present. The tree is rooted at mapping->root.
+ * The pagecache pages are stored in a per-mapping radix tree, which is
+ * rooted at mapping->page_tree, and indexed by offset.
+ * Where 2.4 and early 2.6 kernels kept dirty/clean pages in per-address_space
+ * lists, we instead now tag pages as dirty/writeback in the radix tree.
*
- * All process pages can do I/O:
+ * All pagecache pages may be subject to I/O:
* - inode pages may need to be read from disk,
* - inode pages which have been modified and are MAP_SHARED may need
- * to be written to disk,
- * - private pages which have been modified may need to be swapped out
- * to swap space and (later) to be read back into memory.
+ * to be written back to the inode on disk,
+ * - anonymous pages (including MAP_PRIVATE file mappings) which have been
+ * modified may need to be swapped out to swap space and (later) to be read
+ * back into memory.
*/
/*
* PG_reserved is set for special pages, which can never be swapped out. Some
* of them might not even exist (eg empty_bad_page)...
*
- * The PG_private bitflag is set if page->private contains a valid value.
+ * The PG_private bitflag is set on pagecache pages if they contain filesystem
+ * specific data (which is normally at page->private). It can be used by
+ * private allocations for its own usage.
*
- * During disk I/O, PG_locked is used. This bit is set before I/O and
- * reset when I/O completes. page_waitqueue(page) is a wait queue of all tasks
- * waiting for the I/O on this page to complete.
+ * During initiation of disk I/O, PG_locked is set. This bit is set before I/O
+ * and cleared when writeback _starts_ or when read _completes_. PG_writeback
+ * is set before writeback starts and cleared when it finishes.
+ *
+ * PG_locked also pins a page in pagecache, and blocks truncation of the file
+ * while it is held.
+ *
+ * page_waitqueue(page) is a wait queue of all tasks waiting for the page
+ * to become unlocked.
*
* PG_uptodate tells whether the page's contents is valid. When a read
* completes, the page becomes uptodate, unless a disk I/O error happened.
*
- * For choosing which pages to swap out, inode pages carry a PG_referenced bit,
- * which is set any time the system accesses that page through the (mapping,
- * index) hash table. This referenced bit, together with the referenced bit
- * in the page tables, is used to manipulate page->age and move the page across
- * the active, inactive_dirty and inactive_clean lists.
- *
- * Note that the referenced bit, the page->lru list_head and the active,
- * inactive_dirty and inactive_clean lists are protected by the
- * zone->lru_lock, and *NOT* by the usual PG_locked bit!
+ * PG_referenced, PG_reclaim are used for page reclaim for anonymous and
+ * file-backed pagecache (see mm/vmscan.c).
*
* PG_error is set to indicate that an I/O error occurred on this page.
*
* space, they need to be kmapped separately for doing IO on the pages. The
* struct page (these bits with information) are always mapped into kernel
* address space...
+ *
+ * PG_buddy is set to indicate that the page is free and in the buddy system
+ * (see mm/page_alloc.c).
+ *
*/
/*
#define PG_checked 8 /* kill me in 2.5.<early>. */
#define PG_arch_1 9
#define PG_reserved 10
-#define PG_private 11 /* Has something at ->private */
+#define PG_private 11 /* If pagecache, has fs-private data */
#define PG_writeback 12 /* Page is under writeback */
#define PG_nosave 13 /* Used for system suspend/resume */
#define PG_mappedtodisk 16 /* Has blocks allocated on-disk */
#define PG_reclaim 17 /* To be reclaimed asap */
-#define PG_nosave_free 18 /* Free, should not be written */
+#define PG_nosave_free 18 /* Used for system suspend/resume */
#define PG_buddy 19 /* Page is free, on buddy lists */
projects / linux-2.6 / commitdiff