1 AMD64 specific boot options
3 There are many others (usually documented in driver documentation), but
4 only the AMD64 specific ones are listed here.
8 mce=off disable machine check
9 mce=bootlog Enable logging of machine checks left over from booting.
10 Disabled by default on AMD because some BIOS leave bogus ones.
11 If your BIOS doesn't do that it's a good idea to enable though
12 to make sure you log even machine check events that result
13 in a reboot. On Intel systems it is enabled by default.
15 Disable boot machine check logging.
16 mce=tolerancelevel (number)
17 0: always panic on uncorrected errors, log corrected errors
18 1: panic or SIGBUS on uncorrected errors, log corrected errors
19 2: SIGBUS or log uncorrected errors, log corrected errors
20 3: never panic or SIGBUS, log all errors (for testing only)
22 Can be also set using sysfs which is preferable.
24 nomce (for compatibility with i386): same as mce=off
26 Everything else is in sysfs now.
30 apic Use IO-APIC. Default
32 noapic Don't use the IO-APIC.
34 disableapic Don't use the local APIC
36 nolapic Don't use the local APIC (alias for i386 compatibility)
38 pirq=... See Documentation/i386/IO-APIC.txt
40 noapictimer Don't set up the APIC timer
42 no_timer_check Don't check the IO-APIC timer. This can work around
43 problems with incorrect timer initialization on some boards.
45 apicmaintimer Run time keeping from the local APIC timer instead
46 of using the PIT/HPET interrupt for this. This is useful
47 when the PIT/HPET interrupts are unreliable.
49 noapicmaintimer Don't do time keeping using the APIC timer.
50 Useful when this option was auto selected, but doesn't work.
53 Do APIC timer calibration using the pmtimer. Implies
54 apicmaintimer. Useful when your PIT timer is totally
57 disable_8254_timer / enable_8254_timer
58 Enable interrupt 0 timer routing over the 8254 in addition to over
59 the IO-APIC. The kernel tries to set a sensible default.
63 syntax: earlyprintk=vga
64 earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]
66 The early console is useful when the kernel crashes before the
67 normal console is initialized. It is not enabled by
68 default because it has some cosmetic problems.
69 Append ,keep to not disable it when the real console takes over.
70 Only vga or serial at a time, not both.
71 Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 are supported.
72 Interaction with the standard serial driver is not very good.
73 The VGA output is eventually overwritten by the real console.
78 Don't use the CPU time stamp counter to read the wall time.
79 This can be used to work around timing problems on multiprocessor systems
80 with not properly synchronized CPUs.
83 Report when timer interrupts are lost because some code turned off
84 interrupts for too long.
86 nmi_watchdog=NUMBER[,panic]
88 0 don't use an NMI watchdog
89 1 use the IO-APIC timer for the NMI watchdog
90 2 use the local APIC for the NMI watchdog using a performance counter. Note
91 This will use one performance counter and the local APIC's performance
93 When panic is specified panic when an NMI watchdog timeout occurs.
94 This is useful when you use a panic=... timeout and need the box
98 Don't use the HPET timer.
103 Don't do power saving in the idle loop using HLT, but poll for rescheduling
104 event. This will make the CPUs eat a lot more power, but may be useful
105 to get slightly better performance in multiprocessor benchmarks. It also
106 makes some profiling using performance counters more accurate.
107 Please note that on systems with MONITOR/MWAIT support (like Intel EM64T
108 CPUs) this option has no performance advantage over the normal idle loop.
109 It may also interact badly with hyperthreading.
113 reboot=b[ios] | t[riple] | k[bd] [, [w]arm | [c]old]
114 bios Use the CPU reboot vector for warm reset
115 warm Don't set the cold reboot flag
116 cold Set the cold reboot flag
117 triple Force a triple fault (init)
118 kbd Use the keyboard controller. cold reset (default)
120 Using warm reset will be much faster especially on big memory
121 systems because the BIOS will not go through the memory check.
122 Disadvantage is that not all hardware will be completely reinitialized
123 on reboot so there may be boot problems on some systems.
127 Don't stop other CPUs on reboot. This can make reboot more reliable
130 Non Executable Mappings
139 additional_cpus=NUM Allow NUM more CPUs for hotplug
140 (defaults are specified by the BIOS, see Documentation/x86_64/cpu-hotplug-spec)
144 numa=off Only set up a single NUMA node spanning all memory.
146 numa=noacpi Don't parse the SRAT table for NUMA setup
149 If a number, fakes CMDLINE nodes and ignores NUMA setup of the
150 actual machine. Otherwise, system memory is configured
151 depending on the sizes and coefficients listed. For example:
152 numa=fake=2*512,1024,4*256,*128
153 gives two 512M nodes, a 1024M node, four 256M nodes, and the
154 rest split into 128M chunks. If the last character of CMDLINE
155 is a *, the remaining memory is divided up equally among its
158 gives two 512M nodes and the rest split into two nodes.
159 Otherwise, the remaining system RAM is allocated to an
163 Only allow hotadd memory to preallocate page structures upto
164 percent of already available memory.
165 numa=hotadd=0 will disable hotadd memory.
169 acpi=off Don't enable ACPI
170 acpi=ht Use ACPI boot table parsing, but don't enable ACPI
172 acpi=force Force ACPI on (currently not needed)
174 acpi=strict Disable out of spec ACPI workarounds.
176 acpi_sci={edge,level,high,low} Set up ACPI SCI interrupt.
178 acpi=noirq Don't route interrupts
182 pci=off Don't use PCI
183 pci=conf1 Use conf1 access.
184 pci=conf2 Use conf2 access.
186 pci=assign-busses Assign busses
187 pci=irqmask=MASK Set PCI interrupt mask to MASK
188 pci=lastbus=NUMBER Scan upto NUMBER busses, no matter what the mptable says.
189 pci=noacpi Don't use ACPI to set up PCI interrupt routing.
191 IOMMU (input/output memory management unit)
193 Currently four x86-64 PCI-DMA mapping implementations exist:
195 1. <arch/x86_64/kernel/pci-nommu.c>: use no hardware/software IOMMU at all
196 (e.g. because you have < 3 GB memory).
197 Kernel boot message: "PCI-DMA: Disabling IOMMU"
199 2. <arch/x86_64/kernel/pci-gart.c>: AMD GART based hardware IOMMU.
200 Kernel boot message: "PCI-DMA: using GART IOMMU"
202 3. <arch/x86_64/kernel/pci-swiotlb.c> : Software IOMMU implementation. Used
203 e.g. if there is no hardware IOMMU in the system and it is need because
204 you have >3GB memory or told the kernel to us it (iommu=soft))
205 Kernel boot message: "PCI-DMA: Using software bounce buffering
208 4. <arch/x86_64/pci-calgary.c> : IBM Calgary hardware IOMMU. Used in IBM
209 pSeries and xSeries servers. This hardware IOMMU supports DMA address
210 mapping with memory protection, etc.
211 Kernel boot message: "PCI-DMA: Using Calgary IOMMU"
213 iommu=[<size>][,noagp][,off][,force][,noforce][,leak[=<nr_of_leak_pages>]
214 [,memaper[=<order>]][,merge][,forcesac][,fullflush][,nomerge]
215 [,noaperture][,calgary]
217 General iommu options:
218 off Don't initialize and use any kind of IOMMU.
219 noforce Don't force hardware IOMMU usage when it is not needed.
221 force Force the use of the hardware IOMMU even when it is
222 not actually needed (e.g. because < 3 GB memory).
223 soft Use software bounce buffering (SWIOTLB) (default for
224 Intel machines). This can be used to prevent the usage
225 of an available hardware IOMMU.
227 iommu options only relevant to the AMD GART hardware IOMMU:
228 <size> Set the size of the remapping area in bytes.
229 allowed Overwrite iommu off workarounds for specific chipsets.
230 fullflush Flush IOMMU on each allocation (default).
231 nofullflush Don't use IOMMU fullflush.
232 leak Turn on simple iommu leak tracing (only when
233 CONFIG_IOMMU_LEAK is on). Default number of leak pages
235 memaper[=<order>] Allocate an own aperture over RAM with size 32MB<<order.
236 (default: order=1, i.e. 64MB)
237 merge Do scatter-gather (SG) merging. Implies "force"
239 nomerge Don't do scatter-gather (SG) merging.
240 noaperture Ask the IOMMU not to touch the aperture for AGP.
241 forcesac Force single-address cycle (SAC) mode for masks <40bits
243 noagp Don't initialize the AGP driver and use full aperture.
244 allowdac Allow double-address cycle (DAC) mode, i.e. DMA >4GB.
245 DAC is used with 32-bit PCI to push a 64-bit address in
246 two cycles. When off all DMA over >4GB is forced through
247 an IOMMU or software bounce buffering.
248 nodac Forbid DAC mode, i.e. DMA >4GB.
249 panic Always panic when IOMMU overflows.
250 calgary Use the Calgary IOMMU if it is available
252 iommu options only relevant to the software bounce buffering (SWIOTLB) IOMMU
254 swiotlb=<pages>[,force]
255 <pages> Prereserve that many 128K pages for the software IO
257 force Force all IO through the software TLB.
259 Settings for the IBM Calgary hardware IOMMU currently found in IBM
260 pSeries and xSeries machines:
262 calgary=[64k,128k,256k,512k,1M,2M,4M,8M]
263 calgary=[translate_empty_slots]
264 calgary=[disable=<PCI bus number>]
265 panic Always panic when IOMMU overflows
267 64k,...,8M - Set the size of each PCI slot's translation table
268 when using the Calgary IOMMU. This is the size of the translation
269 table itself in main memory. The smallest table, 64k, covers an IO
270 space of 32MB; the largest, 8MB table, can cover an IO space of
271 4GB. Normally the kernel will make the right choice by itself.
273 translate_empty_slots - Enable translation even on slots that have
274 no devices attached to them, in case a device will be hotplugged
277 disable=<PCI bus number> - Disable translation on a given PHB. For
278 example, the built-in graphics adapter resides on the first bridge
279 (PCI bus number 0); if translation (isolation) is enabled on this
280 bridge, X servers that access the hardware directly from user
281 space might stop working. Use this option if you have devices that
282 are accessed from userspace directly on some PCI host bridge.
286 oops=panic Always panic on oopses. Default is to just kill the process,
287 but there is a small probability of deadlocking the machine.
288 This will also cause panics on machine check exceptions.
289 Useful together with panic=30 to trigger a reboot.
291 kstack=N Print N words from the kernel stack in oops dumps.
293 pagefaulttrace Dump all page faults. Only useful for extreme debugging
294 and will create a lot of output.
296 call_trace=[old|both|newfallback|new]
297 old: use old inexact backtracer
298 new: use new exact dwarf2 unwinder
299 both: print entries from both
300 newfallback: use new unwinder but fall back to old if it gets